The larynx (plural larynges), commonly called the voice box, is an organ In biology and anatomy, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function in the neck The neck is the part of the body, on many terrestrial or secondarily aquatic vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. The Latin term signifying "of the neck" is cervical of mammals Mammals are a class of vertebrate, air-breathing animals whose females are characterized by the possession of mammary glands while both males and females are characterized by hair and/or fur, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in the brain. Some mammals have sweat glands, but most do not involved in protecting the trachea The trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects to the pharynx or larynx, allowing the passage of air to the lungs. It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells with mucosal goblet cells which produce mucus. This mucus lines the cells of the trachea to trap inhaled foreign particles which the cilia then waft upwards and sound production. It manipulates pitch Pitch represents the perceived fundamental frequency of a sound. It is one of the four major auditory attributes of sounds along with loudness, timbre and sound source location. When the actual fundamental frequency can be precisely determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, also known as and volume Sound pressure or acoustic pressure is the local pressure deviation from the ambient atmospheric pressure caused by a sound wave. Sound pressure can be measured using a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water. The SI unit for sound pressure p is the pascal (symbol: Pa). The larynx houses the vocal folds The vocal folds, also known commonly as vocal cords, are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the larynx. They vibrate, modulating the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation, which are an essential component of phonation Phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics. Among some phoneticians, phonation is the process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. This is the definition used among those who study laryngeal anatomy and physiology and speech production in general. Other phoneticians,. The vocal folds are situated just below where the tract of the pharynx The pharynx is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to (behind) the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea splits into the trachea The trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects to the pharynx or larynx, allowing the passage of air to the lungs. It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells with mucosal goblet cells which produce mucus. This mucus lines the cells of the trachea to trap inhaled foreign particles which the cilia then waft upwards and the esophagus The esophagus or oesophagus , sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. The word esophagus is derived from the Latin œsophagus, which derives from the Greek word oisophagos , lit. "entrance for eating." In humans the esophagus is.

Contents

Anatomical position and description

In adult humans, the larynx is found in the anterior Standard anatomical terms of location are employed in science which deal with the anatomy of animals to avoid ambiguities which might otherwise arise. They are not language-specific, and thus require no translation. They are universal terms that may be readily understood by zoologists who speak any language neck at the level of the C3–C6 vertebrae A vertebra is an individual bone in the flexible column that defines vertebrate animals, e.g., humans. The vertebral column encases and protects the spinal cord, which runs from the base of the cranium down the dorsal side of the animal until reaching the pelvis. From there, vertebrae continue into the tail. It connects the inferior part of the pharynx The pharynx is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to (behind) the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea (hypopharynx) with the trachea. The laryngeal skeleton In biology, a skeleton is a rigid framework that provides structure as well as protection in humans and many types of animals, particularly those of the phylum Chordata and of the superphylum Ecdysozoa. Exoskeletons are external, as is typical of many invertebrates; they enclose the soft tissues and organs of the body. Exoskeletons may undergo consists of nine cartilages Cartilage is a stiff and inflexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the elbow, the knee, the ankle, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs. It is not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle: three single (thyroid The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx, cricoid The cricoid cartilage, or simply cricoid , is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea, and epiglottic) and three paired (arytenoid The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal cords are attached, corniculate The corniculate cartilages are two small conical nodules consisting of yellow elastic cartilage, which articulate with the summits of the arytenoid cartilages and serve to prolong them posteriorly and medially, and cuneiform). The hyoid bone The hyoid bone (Latin os hyoideum) is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra behind is not part of the larynx, though it is connected to it. The larynx extends vertically from the tip of the epiglottis The epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucus membrane, attached to the root of the tongue. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. The term is, like tonsils, often incorrectly used to refer to the uvula to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage The cricoid cartilage, or simply cricoid , is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea. The intristic and extrinsic muscles and paired and unpaired cartilages are listed and described below.

In newborn infants, the larynx is initially at the level of the C2–C3 vertebrae, and is further forward and higher relative to its position in the adult body.[1] The larynx descends as the child grows.[2][3]

Function

Sound is generated in the larynx, and that is where pitch Pitch represents the perceived fundamental frequency of a sound. It is one of the four major auditory attributes of sounds along with loudness, timbre and sound source location. When the actual fundamental frequency can be precisely determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, also known as and volume Loudness is the quality of a sound that is the primary psychological correlate of physical strength . More formally, it is defined as "that attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds can be ordered on a scale extending from quiet to loud." are manipulated. The strength of expiration from the lungs also contributes to loudness.[4]

Fine manipulation of the larynx is used to generate a source sound with a particular fundamental frequency, or pitch. This source sound is altered as it travels through the vocal tract The vocal tract is the cavity in animals where sound that is produced at the sound source is filtered. In birds it consists of the trachea, the syrinx, the oral cavity, the upper part of the esophagus, and the beak. In mammals it consists of the laryngeal cavity, the pharynx, the oral cavity, and the nasal cavity, and in some nonhuman mammals, configured differently based on the position of the tongue The tongue is a muscle on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing and swallowing . It is the primary organ of taste, as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. A secondary function of the tongue is speech. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly supplied with nerves and blood, lips Lips are a visible body part at the mouth of humans and many animals. Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are a tactile sensory organ, and can be erogenous when used in kissing and other acts of intimacy, mouth The mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up the solid food particles into smaller pieces and mixing them with saliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth, and pharynx The pharynx is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to (behind) the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea. The process of altering a source sound as it passes through the filter of the vocal tract creates the many different vowel and consonant sounds of the world's languages as well as tone, certain realizations of stress and other types of linguistic prosody. The larynx also has a similar function as the lungs in creating pressure differences required for sound production; a constricted larynx can be raised or lowered affecting the volume of the oral cavity as necessary in glottalic consonants.

The vocal folds can be held close together (by adducting the arytenoid cartilages), so that they vibrate (see phonation Phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics. Among some phoneticians, phonation is the process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. This is the definition used among those who study laryngeal anatomy and physiology and speech production in general. Other phoneticians,). The muscles attached to the arytenoid cartilages control the degree of opening. Vocal fold length and tension can be controlled by rocking the thyroid cartilage The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx forward and backward on the cricoid cartilage The cricoid cartilage, or simply cricoid , is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea (either directly by contracting the cricothyroids or indirectly by changing the vertical position of the larynx), by manipulating the tension of the muscles within the vocal folds, and by moving the arytenoids forward or backward. This causes the pitch produced during phonation Phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics. Among some phoneticians, phonation is the process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. This is the definition used among those who study laryngeal anatomy and physiology and speech production in general. Other phoneticians, to rise or fall. In most males the vocal cords are longer and with a greater mass, producing a deeper pitch.

The vocal apparatus consists of two pairs of mucosal folds. These folds are false vocal cords (vestibular folds The vestibular fold is one of two thick folds of mucous membrane, each enclosing a narrow band of fibrous tissue, the ventricular ligament which is attached in front to the angle of the thyroid cartilage immediately below the attachment of the epiglottis, and behind to the antero-lateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage, a short distance above) and true vocal cords (folds). The false vocal cords are covered by respiratory epithelium, while the true vocal cords are covered by stratified squamous epithelium. The false vocal cords are not responsible for sound production, but rather for resonance. The exceptions to this are found in Tibetan Chant and Kargyraa, a style of Tuvan throat singing Tuvan throat singing is one particular variant of overtone singing practiced by the Tuva people of southern Siberia. Both make use of the false vocal cords to create an undertone. These false vocal cords do not contain muscle, while the true vocal cords do have skeletal muscle.

During swallowing The purpose of swallowing is to transfer food from the mouth to the stomach. The stages of swallowing can be divided into three phases, oral, pharyngeal and esophageal, with the oral phase under voluntary neuromuscular control and the latter two phases under involuntary neuromuscular control, the backward motion of the tongue forces the epiglottis over the glottis' opening to prevent swallowed material from entering the larynx which leads to the lungs The lung is the essential respiration organ in all air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart. Their principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release; the larynx is also pulled upwards to assist this process. Stimulation of the larynx by ingested matter produces a strong cough A cough ( pronunciation Latin: tussis) is a sudden and often repetitively occurring reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages from secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microbes. The cough reflex consists of three phases: an inhalation, a forced exhalation against a closed glottis, and a violent release of air from the lungs reflex A reflex action, also known as a reflex, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus. In most contexts, in particular those involving humans, reflex actions are mediated via the reflex arc; this is not always true in other animals, nor does it apply to casual uses of the term 'reflex' to protect the lungs.

Innervation

The larynx is innervated A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons . A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons. Nerves are found only in the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system, the analogous structures are known as tracts. Neurons are sometimes called by branches of the vagus nerve The vagus nerve , also called pneumogastric nerve, cranial nerve X, the Wanderer or sometimes the Rambler, is the tenth of twelve (excluding CN0) paired cranial nerves. Upon leaving the medulla between the olivary nucleus and the inferior cerebellar peduncle, it extends through the jugular foramen, then passing into the carotid sheath between the on each side. Sensory innervation to the glottis and laryngeal vestibule is by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle The cricothyroid muscle attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the cricoid and the inferior cornu and lower lamina of the thyroid cartilage, tilting the thyroid forwards and tensing the vocal cords. It is the only laryngeal muscle supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Motor innervation to all other muscles of the larynx and sensory innervation to the subglottis is by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. While the sensory input described above is (general) visceral sensation (diffuse, poorly localized), the vocal fold also receives general somatic sensory innervation (proprioceptive and touch) by the superior laryngeal nerve.

Injury to the external laryngeal nerve causes weakened phonation because the vocal cords cannot be tightened. Injury to one of the recurrent laryngeal nerves produces hoarseness Dysphonia is the medical term for disorders of the voice: an impairment in the ability to produce voice sounds using the vocal organs . Thus, dysphonia is a phonation disorder. The dysphonic voice can be hoarse or weak, or excessively breathy, harsh, or rough, but some kind of phonation is still possible (contrasted with the more severe aphonia, if both are damaged the voice may or may not be preserved, but breathing becomes difficult.

Intrinsic muscles associated with the larynx

Notably, the only muscle capable of separating the vocal chords for normal breathing is the posterior cricoarytenoid. If this muscle is incapacitated on both sides, the inability to pull the vocal cords apart (abduct) will cause difficulty breathing. Bilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve would cause this condition. It is also worth noting that all muscles are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus except the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the external laryngeal branch of the vagus.

Extrinsic muscles associated with the larynx

Descended larynx

In most animals, including infant humans and apes, the larynx is situated very high in the throat—a position that allows it to couple more easily with the nasal passages, so that breathing and eating are not done with the same apparatus. However, some aquatic mammals Marine mammals are a diverse group of 120 species of mammal that are primarily ocean-dwelling or depend on the ocean for food. They include the cetaceans , the sirenians (manatees and dugong), the pinnipeds (true seals, eared seals and walrus), and several otters (the sea otter and marine otter). The polar bear, while not aquatic, is also usually, large deer Deer are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. They include for example Moose, Red Deer, Reindeer, Roe and Chital. Animals from related families within the order Artiodactyla are often also considered to be deer – these include muntjac and water deer. Male deer of all species but the Chinese Water deer and female reindeer grow and, and adult humans have descended larynges. An adult human, unlike apes, cannot raise the larynx enough to directly couple it to the nasal passage. Despite its presence in non-aquatic deer, proponents of the aquatic ape hypothesis The aquatic ape hypothesis is an alternative explanation of human evolution which theorizes that the common ancestors of modern humans spent a period of time adapting to life in a partially-aquatic environment. The theory is based on differences between humans and great apes, and apparent similarities between humans and some aquatic mammals. First claim that the similarity between the descended larynx in humans and aquatic mammals supports their theory.[6]

Some anthropologists, such as Jeffrey Laitman, have suggested that the descended larynx, by extending the length of the vocal tract and thereby increasing the variety of sounds humans could produce, was a critical element in the development of speech Speech is the vocalized form of human communication. It is based upon the syntactic combination of lexicals and names that are drawn from very large vocabularies. Each spoken word is created out of the phonetic combination of a limited set of vowel and consonant speech sound units. These vocabularies, the syntax which structures them, and their and language, while others cite the presence of descended larynges in non-linguistic animals, as well as the ubiquity of nonverbal communication and language among humans, as counterevidence against this claim.[7]

Disorders of the larynx

There are several things that can cause a larynx to not function properly.[8] Some symptoms are hoarseness, loss of voice, pain in the throat or ears, and breathing difficulties. The world's first successful larynx transplant took place in 1999 at the Cleveland Clinic. [9]

Cartilages

There are nine cartilages, three unpaired and three paired, that support the mammalian larynx and form its skeleton. The unpaired cartilages of the larynx are the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis. The paired cartilages of the larynx are the arytenoids, corniculate, and the cuneiforms.

Non-mammalian larynges

Most tetrapod species possess a larynx, but its structure is typically simpler than that found in mammals. The cartilages surrounding the larynx are apparently a remnant of the original gill arches in fish, and are a common feature, but not all are always present. For example, the thyroid cartilage is found only in mammals. Similarly, only mammals possess a true epiglottis, although a flap of non-cartilagenous mucosa is found in a similar position in many other groups. In modern amphibians, the laryngeal skeleton is considerably reduced; frogs have only the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages, while salamanders possess only the arytenoids.[12]

Vocal cords are found only in mammals, and a few lizards. As a result, many reptiles and amphibians are essentially voiceless; frogs use ridges in the trachea to modulate sound, while birds have a separate sound-producing organ, the syrinx.[12]

Images

Bronchi, bronchial tree, and lungs

Larynx

The cartilages of the larynx. Posterior view.

Sagittal section of the larynx and upper part of the trachea.

Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea.

The entrance to the larynx, viewed from behind.

Laryngoscopic view of interior of larynx.

Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx.

The larynx is shaped like a tube and is 4 and one half inches long

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Larynx

References

  1. ^ "GERD and aspiration in the child: diagnosis and treatment". Grand Rounds Presentation. UTMB Dept. of Otolaryngology. February 23, 2005. http://www.utmb.edu/otoref/grnds/Reflux-Aspiration-050223/GERD-pedi-050223.htm. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
  2. ^ Laitman, J.T. and Reidenberg, J.S. (2009) The evolution of the human larynx: Nature’s great experiment. In: Fried M.P., Ferlito, A. eds. The Larynx, 3rd ed., Plural, San Diego, 19-38.
  3. ^ Laitman, J.T., Noden, D.M., Van De Water, T.R. (2006) Formation of the larynx: from homeobox genes to critical periods. In: Rubin,J.S.(ed.) Diagnosis & Treatment Voice Disorders Plural, San Diego, pp. 3–20.
  4. ^ Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0137178933.
  5. ^ Collectively, the transverse and oblique arytenoids are known as the interarytenoids.
  6. ^ Morgan, Elaine (1997). The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis. Souvenir Press Ltd. ISBN 0 285 63518 2.
  7. ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n15_v141/ai_12140517/
  8. ^ Laitman, J.T. and Reidenberg, J.S. (1993) Specializations of the human upper respiratory and upper digestive tract as seen through comparative and developmental anatomy. Dysphagia 8:318-325.1993
  9. ^ University Circle Inc
  10. ^ Laitman, J.T. and Reidenberg, J.S. (1997) The human aerodigestive tract and gastroesophageal reflux: An evolutionary perspective. Am. J. Med. 103 (Suppl 5A): 3-11
  11. ^ Lipan, M, Reidenberg, J.S and Laitman, J.T. (2006) The anatomy of reflux: A growing health problem affecting structures of the head and neck. Anat Rec., Part B: New Anatomist: 289B:261-270
  12. ^ a b Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 214–215, 336. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Human systems and organs
TA 2-4: musculoskeletal
Skeletal system Bone (Carpus · Collar bone (clavicle) · Thigh bone (femur) · Fibula · Humerus · Mandible · Metacarpus · Metatarsus · Ossicles · Patella · Phalanges · Radius · Skull (cranium) · Tarsus · Tibia · Ulna · Rib · Vertebra · Pelvis · Sternum) · Cartilage
Joints Fibrous joint · Cartilaginous joint · Synovial joint
Muscular system Muscle · Tendon · Diaphragm
TA 5-11: splanchnic/ viscus
mostly Thoracic
Respiratory system URT (Nose, Nasopharynx, Larynx) · LRT (Trachea, Bronchus, Lung)
mostly Abdominopelvic
Digestive system+ adnexa Mouth (Salivary gland, Tongue) · upper GI (Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, Esophagus, Stomach) · lower GI (Small intestine, Appendix, Colon, Rectum, Anus) · accessory (Liver, Biliary tract, Pancreas)
GU: Urinary system Kidney · Ureter · Bladder · Urethra
GU: Reproductive system Female (Uterus, Vulva, Ovary, Placenta) · Male (Scrotum, Penis, Prostate, Testicle, Seminal vesicle)
Endocrine system Pituitary · Pineal · Thyroid · Parathyroid · Adrenal · Islets of Langerhans
TA 12-16
Circulatory system
Cardiovascular system peripheral (Artery, Vein, Lymph vessel) · Heart
Lymphatic system primary (Bone marrow, Thymus) · secondary (Spleen, Lymph node)
N/S Nervous system (Brain, Spinal cord, Nerve) · Sensory system (Ear, Eye)
Integumentary system Skin · Subcutaneous tissue · Breast (Mammary gland)
Non-TA Immune system
general anatomy: , , , ,
Head and neck anatomy, Upper RT: Larynx (TA A06.2, GA 11.1072)
Cartilages major/unpaired: Epiglottis (Vallecula) · Thyroid (Laryngeal prominence, Oblique line, Superior thyroid notch, Superior horn, Inferior horn) · Cricoid minor/paired: Arytenoid (Vocal process, Muscular process) · Corniculate · Cuneiform
Ligaments/folds

extrinsic ligaments: Hyoepiglottic ligament · Thyrohyoid membrane (Lateral ligament, Median ligament) · Thyroepiglottic ligament · Cricotracheal ligament

intrinsic ligaments · upper: Quadrangular membrane (Aryepiglottic, Vestibular ligament/Vestibular fold)

intrinsic ligaments · lower: Cricothyroid ligament (Median, Lateral/Conus elasticus, Vocal ligament/Vocal folds)
Laryngeal cavity Laryngeal inlet · Vestibule · Rima vestibuli · Ventricle · Rima glottidis/Glottis · Infraglottic cavity
Other Muscles of larynx · Cricothyroid articulation · Cricoarytenoid articulation

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Smoking is the risk means for cancers of the lung, mouth, . larynx. , bladder, kidney, as good as multiform alternative organs. Individuals unprotected to asbestos should be speedy to equivocate tobacco bearing since together the risk for ...

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How can the body function without the larynx?
Q. How can the body function without the larynx (voice box)? Can you also include the source the answer is from? Thank you.
Asked by V - Sun Mar 8 21:21:59 2009 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments

A. The larynx is one of the components of the human body that forms part of the respiratory tract. It guards the passage to the airways that lead to the lungs. This is one of the critical functions of the larynx. This function ensures that the airways are open, which means we get to breathe. Therefore, the larynx is a key component to the fact of our existence, as without the ability to breathe, we would be dead. I dont know anything about it, i just googled it, but i guess that the body CANT function without it.
Answered by Shrtyyy - Mon Mar 16 05:25:25 2009

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